Hyoscyamine Information
Hyoscyamine ()
Hyoscyamine () Description
Hyoscyamine () Sulfate Oral Drops contains 0.125 mg Hyoscyamine () Sulfate per mL with 4% v/v alcohol for oral administration.
Hyoscyamine () Sulfate is one of the principal anticholinergic/antispasmodic components of belladonna alkaloids. The empirical formula is (CHNO) • HSO • 2HO and the molecular weight is 712.85. Chemically, it is benzeneacetic acid, (α-(hydroxymethyl)-,8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1.] oct-3-yl ester, [3(S)-endo]-,sulfate (2:1), dihydrate with the following structure:
Hyoscyamine () SULFATE ORAL DROPS also contain as inactive ingredients: Alcohol, FD&C red #40, FD&C yellow #6, flavor, glycerin, purified water, benzoic acid, sodium citrate, sorbitol solution, and sucrose.
Hyoscyamine () Clinical Pharmacology
Hyoscyamine () Sulfate inhibits the actions of acetylcholine on structures innervated by postganglionic cholinergic nerves and on smooth muscles that respond to acetylcholine but lack cholinergic innervation. These peripheral cholinergic receptors are present in the autonomic effector cells of the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node, and the exocrine glands. At therapeutic doses, it is completely devoid of any action on autonomic ganglia. Hyoscyamine () Sulfate inhibits gastrointestinal propulsive motility and decreases gastric acid secretion. Hyoscyamine () Sulfate also controls excessive pharyngeal, tracheal and bronchial secretions.
Hyoscyamine () Sulfate is absorbed totally and completely by oral administration. Once absorbed, Hyoscyamine () Sulfate disappears rapidly from the blood and is distributed throughout the entire body. The half-life of Hyoscyamine () Sulfate is 2 to 3 1/2 hours. Hyoscyamine () Sulfate is partly hydrolyzed to tropic acid and tropine but the majority of the drug is excreted in the urine unchanged within the first 12 hours. Only traces of this drug are found in breast milk. Hyoscyamine () Sulfate passes the blood brain barrier and the placental barrier.
Hyoscyamine () Indications And Usage
Hyoscyamine () Sulfate is effective as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of peptic ulcer. It can also be used to control gastric secretion, visceral spasm and hypermotility in spastic colitis, spastic bladder, cystitis, pylorospasm, and associated abdominal cramps. May be used in functional intestinal disorders to reduce symptoms such as those seen in mild dysenteries, diverticulitis, and acute enterocolitis. For use as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (irritable colon, spastic colon, mucous colitis) and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Also used as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of neurogenic bladder and neurogenic bowel disturbances (including the splenic flexure syndrome and neurogenic colon). Also used in the treatment of colic (elixir and drops). Hyoscyamine () Sulfate is indicated along with morphine or other narcotics in symptomatic relief of biliary and renal colic; as a "drying agent" in the relief of symptoms of acute rhinitis; in the therapy of parkinsonism to reduce rigidity and tremors and to control associated sialorrhea and hyperhidrosis. May be used in the therapy of poisoning by anticholinesterase agents.
Hyoscyamine () Contraindications
Glaucoma; obstructive uropathy (for example, bladder neck obstruction due to prostatic hypertrophy); obstructive disease of the gastrointestinal tract (as in achalasia, pyloroduodenal stenosis); paralytic ileus, intestinal atony of elderly or debilitated patients; unstable cardiovascular status in acute hemorrhage; severe ulcerative colitis; toxic megacolon complicating ulcerative colitis; myasthenia gravis.
Hyoscyamine () Warnings
In the presence of high environmental temperature, heat prostration can occur with drug use (fever and heat stroke due to decreased sweating). Diarrhea may be an early symptom of incomplete intestinal obstruction, especially in patients with ileostomy or colostomy. In this instance, treatment with this drug would be inappropriate and possibly harmful. Like other anticholinergic agents, Hyoscyamine () Sulfate may produce drowsiness, dizziness or blurred vision. In this event, the patient should be warned not to engage in activities requiring mental alertness such as operating a motor vehicle or other machinery or to perform hazardous work while taking this drug.
Psychosis has been reported in sensitive individuals given anticholinergic drugs. CNS signs and symptoms include confusion, disorientation, short term memory loss, hallucinations, dysarthria, ataxia, coma, euphoria, decreased anxiety, fatigue, insomnia, agitation and mannerisms, and inappropriate affect. These CNS signs and symptoms usually resolve within 12 to 48 hours after discontinuation of the drug.
Hyoscyamine () Precautions
Like other anticholinergic agents, Hyoscyamine () Sulfate may produce drowsiness, dizziness or blurred vision. In this event, the patient should be warned not to engage in activities requiring mental alertness such as operating a motor vehicle or other machinery or to perform hazardous work while taking this drug.
Use of Hyoscyamine () Sulfate may decrease sweating resulting in heat prostration, fever or heat stroke; febrile patients or those who may be exposed to elevated environmental temperatures should use caution.
Young children are especially susceptible to the toxic effects of anticholinergics. Close supervision is recommended for children with spastic paralysis or brain damage since an increased response to anticholinergics has been reported in these patients and dosage adjustments are often required. When anticholinergics are given to children where the environmental temperature is high, there is a risk of a rapid increase in body temperature because of these medications' suppression of sweat gland activity.
A paradoxical reaction characterized by hyperexcitability may occur in children taking large doses of anticholinergics.
Reported clinical experience has not identified differences in safety between patients aged 65 and over and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
Additive adverse effects resulting from cholinergic blockade may occur when Hyoscyamine () Sulfate is administered concomitantly with other antimuscarinics, amantadine, haloperidol, phenothiazines, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants or some antihistamines.
Antacids may interfere with the absorption of Hyoscyamine () Sulfate. Administer Hyoscyamine () Sulfate before meals; antacids after meals.
Hyoscyamine () Adverse Reactions
The following adverse reactions have been reported for Hyoscyamine () Sulfate and for pharmacologically similar drugs with anticholinergic/antispasmodic action. Adverse reactions may include dryness of the mouth; urinary hesitancy and retention; blurred vision; tachycardia; palpitations; mydriasis; cycloplegia; increased ocular tension; loss of taste; headache; nervousness; drowsiness; weakness; fatigue; dizziness; insomnia; nausea; vomiting; impotence; suppression of lactation; constipation; bloated feeling; abdominal pain; diarrhea; allergic reactions or drug idiosyncrasies; urticaria and other dermal manifestations; ataxia; speech disturbance; some degree of mental confusion and/or excitement (especially in elderly persons); short-term memory loss; hallucinations; and decreased sweating.
Hyoscyamine () Overdosage
The signs and symptoms of overdose are headache, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, dilated pupils, hot dry skin, dizziness, dryness of the mouth, difficulty in swallowing and CNS stimulation.
Measures to be taken are immediate lavage of the stomach and injection of physostigmine 0.5 to 2 mg intravenously and repeated as necessary up to a total of 5 mg. Fever may be treated symptomatically (tepid water sponge baths, hypothermic blanket). Excitement to a degree which demands attention may be managed with sodium thiopental 2% solution given slowly intravenously or chloral hydrate (100-200 mL of a 2% solution) by rectal infusion. In the event of progression of the curare-like effect to paralysis of the respiratory muscles, artificial respiration should be instituted and maintained until effective respiratory action returns.
In rats, the LD for Hyoscyamine () is 375 mg/kg. Hyoscyamine () Sulfate is dialyzable.
Hyoscyamine () Dosage And Administration
Use as directed by health care provider with a dosage administered in drops.
The package of Hyoscyamine () Sulfate Oral Drops includes a dropper having markings of 3, 4, 5 DROPS, and 0.25 mL. The approximate equivalent amount of Hyoscyamine () Sulfate drops (mL) and its equivalent amount of Hyoscyamine () Sulfate (mg) for each marking are as follows:
The doses may be repeated every four hours or as needed. Dosage may be adjusted according to the severity of symptoms or as directed by a health care provider. Measure dosage very carefully.
Hyoscyamine () How Supplied
Hyoscyamine () SULFATE ORAL DROPS (Hyoscyamine () Sulfate 0.125 mg per mL) is orange colored, flavored, and contains 4% alcohol. It is supplied in a 15 mL bottle with a calibrated dropper.
Hyoscyamine ()
Hyoscyamine () Principal Display Panel - Ml Bottle Label
Hyoscyamine () Sulfate Oral Drops
Each 1 mL contains: Hyoscyamine () Sulfate 0.125 mg Alcohol 5% V/V
