Cabergoline Information
Cabergoline () Description
Cabergoline () tablets contain Cabergoline () , a dopamine receptor agonist. The chemical name for Cabergoline () is 1-[(6-allylergolin-8β-yl)-carbonyl]-1-[3-(dimethylamino) propyl]-3-ethylurea. Its empirical formula is CHNO and its molecular weight is 451.62. The structural formula is as follows:
Cabergoline () is a white powder soluble in ethyl alcohol, chloroform, and N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF); slightly soluble in 0.1N hydrochloric acid; very slightly soluble in n-hexane; and insoluble in water.
Cabergoline () tablets, for oral administration, contain 0.5 mg of Cabergoline () . Inactive ingredients consist of leucine, USP, and lactose, NF.
Cabergoline () Clinical Pharmacology
The prolactin-lowering efficacy of Cabergoline () was demonstrated in hyperprolactinemic women in two randomized, double-blind, comparative studies, one with placebo and the other with bromocriptine. In the placebo-controlled study (placebo n=20; Cabergoline () n=168), Cabergoline () produced a dose-related decrease in serum prolactin levels with prolactin normalized after 4 weeks of treatment in 29%, 76%, 74% and 95% of the patients receiving 0.125, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mg twice weekly respectively.
In the 8-week, double-blind period of the comparative trial with bromocriptine (Cabergoline () n=223; bromocriptine n=236 in the intent-to-treat analysis), prolactin was normalized in 77% of the patients treated with Cabergoline () at 0.5 mg twice weekly compared with 59% of those treated with bromocriptine at 2.5 mg twice daily. Restoration of menses occurred in 77% of the women treated with Cabergoline () , compared with 70% of those treated with bromocriptine. Among patients with galactorrhea, this symptom disappeared in 73% of those treated with Cabergoline () compared with 56% of those treated with bromocriptine.
Dose response with inhibition of plasma prolactin, onset of maximal effect, and duration of effect has been documented following single Cabergoline () doses to healthy volunteers (0.05 to 1.5 mg) and hyperprolactinemic patients (0.3 to 1 mg). In volunteers, prolactin inhibition was evident at doses >0.2 mg, while doses ≥0.5 mg caused maximal suppression in most subjects. Higher doses produce prolactin suppression in a greater proportion of subjects and with an earlier onset and longer duration of action. In 12 healthy volunteers, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg doses resulted in complete prolactin inhibition, with a maximum effect within 3 hours in 92% to 100% of subjects after the 1 and 1.5 mg doses compared with 50% of subjects after the 0.5 mg dose.
In hyperprolactinemic patients (N=51), the maximal prolactin decrease after a 0.6 mg single dose of Cabergoline () was comparable to 2.5 mg bromocriptine; however, the duration of effect was markedly longer (14 days vs. 24 hours). The time to maximal effect was shorter for bromocriptine than Cabergoline () (6 hours vs. 48 hours).
In 72 healthy volunteers, single or multiple doses (up to 2 mg) of Cabergoline () resulted in selective inhibition of prolactin with no apparent effect on other anterior pituitary hormones (GH, FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH) or cortisol.
Cabergoline () Indications And Usage
Cabergoline () tablets are indicated for the treatment of hyperprolactinemic disorders, either idiopathic or due to pituitary adenomas.
Cabergoline () Contraindications
Cabergoline () tablets are contraindicated in patients with
Cabergoline () Warnings
Post marketing cases of cardiac valvulopathy have been reported in patients receiving Cabergoline () . These cases have generally occurred during long-term administration of high doses of Cabergoline () (>2mg/day) used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Rare cases have been reported associated with short-term treatment (
Physicians should use the lowest effective dose of Cabergoline () for the treatment of hyperprolactinemia and should periodically reassess the need for continuing therapy with Cabergoline () . In addition, patients receiving long term treatment with Cabergoline () should undergo periodic reassessment of their cardiac status, and echocardiography should be considered. Any patient who develops signs or symptoms of cardiac disease, including dyspnea, edema, congestive heart failure, or a new cardiac murmur, while being treated with Cabergoline () should be evaluated for possible valvulopathy.
Cabergoline () should be used with caution in patients who have hemodynamically significant valvular disease or have been exposed to other medications associated with valvulopathy.
Cabergoline () Precautions
Patients should be instructed to notify their physician if they suspect they are pregnant, become pregnant, or intend to become pregnant during therapy. A pregnancy test should be done if there is any suspicion of pregnancy and continuation of treatment should be discussed with their physician.
Patients should notify their physician if they develop shortness of breath, persistent cough, difficulty with breathing when lying down, or swelling in their extremities.
Carcinogenicity studies were conducted in mice and rats with Cabergoline () given by gavage at doses up to 0.98 mg/kg/day and 0.32 mg/kg/day, respectively. These doses are 7 times and 4 times the maximum recommended human dose calculated on a body surface area basis using total mg/m/week in rodents and mg/m/week for a 50 kg human.
There was a slight increase in the incidence of cervical and uterine leiomyomas and uterine leiomyosarcomas in mice. In rats, there was a slight increase in malignant tumors of the cervix and uterus and interstitial cell adenomas. The occurrence of tumors in female rodents may be related to the prolonged suppression of prolactin secretion because prolactin is needed in rodents for the maintenance of the corpus luteum. In the absence of prolactin, the estrogen/progesterone ratio is increased, thereby increasing the risk for uterine tumors. In male rodents, the decrease in serum prolactin levels was associated with an increase in serum luteinizing hormone, which is thought to be a compensatory effect to maintain testicular steroid synthesis. Since these hormonal mechanisms are thought to be species-specific, the relevance of these tumors to humans is not known.
The mutagenic potential of Cabergoline () was evaluated and found to be negative in a battery of in vitro tests. These tests included the bacterial mutation (Ames) test with the gene mutation assay with and V79 Chinese hamster cells, DNA damage and repair in and chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes. Cabergoline () was also negative in the bone marrow micronucleus test in the mouse.
In female rats, a daily dose of 0.003 mg/kg for 2 weeks prior to mating and throughout the mating period inhibited conception. This dose represents approximately 1/28 the maximum recommended human dose calculated on a body surface area basis using total mg/m/week in rats and mg/m/week for a 50 kg human.
It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from Cabergoline () , a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. Use of Cabergoline () for the inhibition or suppression of physiologic lactation is not recommended (see section).
The prolactin-lowering action of Cabergoline () suggests that it will interfere with lactation. Due to this interference with lactation, Cabergoline () should not be given to women postpartum who are breastfeeding or who are planning to breastfeed.
Cabergoline () Adverse Reactions
The safety of Cabergoline () tablets has been evaluated in more than 900 patients with hyperprolactinemic disorders. Most adverse events were mild or moderate in severity.
In a 4-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, treatment consisted of placebo or Cabergoline () at fixed doses of 0.125, 0.5, 0.75, or 1.0 mg twice weekly. Doses were halved during the first week. Since a possible dose-related effect was observed for nausea only, the four Cabergoline () treatment groups have been combined. The incidence of the most common adverse events during the placebo-controlled study is presented in the following table.
In the 8-week, double-blind period of the comparative trial with bromocriptine, Cabergoline () (at a dose of 0.5 mg twice weekly) was discontinued because of an adverse event in 4 of 221 patients (2%) while bromocriptine (at a dose of 2.5 mg two times a day) was discontinued in 14 of 231 patients (6%). The most common reasons for discontinuation from Cabergoline () were headache, nausea and vomiting (3, 2 and 2 patients respectively); the most common reasons for discontinuation from bromocriptine were nausea, vomiting, headache, and dizziness or vertigo (10, 3, 3, and 3 patients respectively). The incidence of the most common adverse events during the double-blind portion of the comparative trial with bromocriptine is presented in the following table.
Other adverse events that were reported at an incidence of
The safety of Cabergoline () has been evaluated in approximately 1,200 patients with Parkinson's disease in controlled and uncontrolled studies at dosages of up to 11.5 mg/day which greatly exceeds the maximum recommended dosage of Cabergoline () for hyperprolactinemic disorders. In addition to the adverse events that occurred in the patients with hyperprolactinemic disorders, the most common adverse events in patients with Parkinson's disease were dyskinesia, hallucinations, confusion, and peripheral edema. Heart failure, pleural effusion, pulmonary fibrosis, and gastric or duodenal ulcer occurred rarely. One case of constrictive pericarditis has been reported.
Cabergoline () Overdosage
Overdosage might be expected to produce nasal congestion, syncope, or hallucinations. Measures to support blood pressure should be taken if necessary.
Cabergoline () Dosage And Administration
The recommended dosage of Cabergoline () tablets for initiation of therapy is 0.25 mg twice a week. Dosage may be increased by 0.25 mg twice weekly up to a dosage of 1 mg twice a week according to the patient's serum prolactin level. Before initiating treatment, cardiovascular evaluation should be performed and echocardiography should be considered to assess for valvular disease.
Dosage increases should not occur more rapidly than every 4 weeks, so that the physician can assess the patient's response to each dosage level. If the patient does not respond adequately, and no additional benefit is observed with higher doses, the lowest dose that achieved maximal response should be used and other therapeutic approaches considered. Patients receiving long term treatment with Cabergoline () should undergo periodic assessment of their cardiac status and echocardiography should be considered.
After a normal serum prolactin level has been maintained for 6 months, Cabergoline () may be discontinued, with periodic monitoring of the serum prolactin level to determine whether or when treatment with Cabergoline () should be reinstituted. The durability of efficacy beyond 24 months of therapy with Cabergoline () has not been established.
Cabergoline () How Supplied
Cabergoline () tablets are white, scored, capsule-shaped tablets containing 0.5 mg Cabergoline () . Each tablet is scored. The tablet has the letter G engraved on one side and the other side is engraved with the number 100.
Cabergoline () is available as follows:
Bottles of 8 tablets NDC 59762-0100-1
Cabergoline () Storage
Store at controlled room temperature 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [see USP].
Cabergoline ()
