Betagan Information
Betagan (Levobunolol hcl)
Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) Description
Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) (levobunolol hydrochloride ophthalmic solution, USP) sterile is a noncardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent for ophthalmic use. The solution is colorless to slightly light yellow in appearance with an osmolality range of 250-360 mOsm/kg. The shelf life pH range is 5.5 to 7.5.
Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) Clinical Pharmacology
Levobunolol HCl is a noncardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent, equipotent at both beta and beta receptors. Levobunolol HCl is greater than 60 times more potent than its dextro isomer in its beta- blocking activity, yet equipotent in its potential for direct myocardial depression. Accordingly, the levo isomer, levobunolol HCl, is used. Levobunolol HCl does not have significant local anesthetic (membrane-stabilizing) or intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.
Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade reduces cardiac output in both healthy subjects and patients with heart disease. In patients with severe impairment of myocardial function, beta-adrenergic receptor blockade may inhibit the stimulatory effect of the sympathetic nervous system necessary to maintain adequate cardiac function.
Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in the bronchi and bronchioles results in increased airway resistance from unopposed para-sympathetic activity. Such an effect in patients with asthma or other bronchospastic conditions is potentially dangerous.
Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) (levobunolol hydrochloride ophthalmic solution USP) has been shown to be an active agent in lowering elevated as well as normal intraocular pressure (IOP) whether or not accompanied by glaucoma. Elevated IOP presents a major risk factor in glaucomatous field loss. The higher the level of IOP, the greater the likelihood of optic nerve damage and visual field loss.
The onset of action with one drop of Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) can be detected within one hour after treatment, with maximum effect seen between 2 and 6 hours.
A significant decrease of IOP can be maintained for up to 24 hours following a single dose.
In two, separate, controlled studies (one three month and one up to 12 months duration) Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) ophthalmic solution 0.25% b.i.d. controlled the IOP of approximately 64% and 70% of the subjects. The overall mean decrease from baseline was 5.4 mm Hg and 5.1 mm Hg respectively. In an open-label study, Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) ophthalmic solution 0.25% q.d. controlled the IOP of 72% of the subjects while achieving an overall mean decrease of 5.9 mm Hg.
In controlled clinical studies of approximately two years duration, intraocular pressure was well-controlled in approximately 80% of subjects treated with Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) ophthalmic solution 0.5% b.i.d. The mean IOP decrease from baseline was between 6.87 mm Hg and 7.81 mm Hg. No significant effects on pupil size, tear production or corneal sensitivity were observed. Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) at the concentrations tested, when applied topically, decreased heart rate and blood pressure in some patients. The IOP-lowering effect of Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) was well maintained over the course of these studies.
In a three month clinical study, a single daily application of 0.5% Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) ophthalmic solution controlled the IOP of 72% of subjects achieving an overall mean decrease in IOP of 7.0 mm Hg.
The primary mechanism of the ocular hypotensive action of levobunolol HCl in reducing IOP is most likely a decrease in aqueous humor production. Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) reduces IOP with little or no effect on pupil size or accommodation in contrast to the miosis which cholinergic agents are known to produce. The blurred vision and night blindness often associated with miotics would not be expected and have not been reported with the use of Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) ophthalmic solution. This is particularly important in cataract patients with central lens opacities who would experience decreased visual acuity with pupillary constriction.
Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) Indications And Usage
Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) ophthalmic solution has been shown to be effective in lowering intraocular pressure and may be used in patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) Contraindications
Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) ophthalmic solution is contraindicated in those individuals with bronchial asthma, or with a history of bronchial asthma, or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (see ); sinus bradycardia; second and third degree atrioventricular block; overt cardiac failure (see ); cardiogenic shock; or hypersensitivity to any component of these products.
Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) Warnings
As with other topically applied ophthalmic drugs, Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) may be absorbed systemically. The same adverse reactions found with systemic administration of beta-adrenergic blocking agents may occur with topical administration. For example, severe respiratory reactions and cardiac reactions, including death due to bronchospasm in patients with asthma, and rarely death in association with cardiac failure, have been reported with topical application of beta-adrenergic blocking agents [See ].
Cardiac Failure:
In Patients Without a History of Cardiac Failure:
®
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease:
CONTRAINDICATIONS
®
®
2
Major Surgery:
If necessary during surgery, the effects of beta-adrenergic blocking agents may be reversed by sufficient doses of such agonists as isoproterenol, dopamine, dobutamine or levarterenol (see ).
Diabetes Mellitus:
Thyrotoxicosis:
These products contain sodium metabisulfite, a sulfite that may cause allergic-type reactions including anaphylactic symptoms and life-threatening or less severe asthmatic episodes in certain susceptible people. The overall prevalence of sulfite sensitivity in the general population is unknown and probably low. Sulfite sensitivity is seen more frequently in asthmatic than in nonasthmatic people.
Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) Precautions
Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) (levobunolol hydrochloride ophthalmic solution, USP) sterile should be used with caution in patients with known hypersensitivity to other beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents.
Use with caution in patients with known diminished pulmonary function.
Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) should be used with caution in patients who are receiving a beta-adrenergic blocking agent orally, because of the potential for additive effects on systemic beta-blockade or on intraocular pressure. Patients should not typically use two or more topical ophthalmic beta-adrenergic blocking agents simultaneously.
Because of the potential effects of beta-adrenergic blocking agents on blood pressure and pulse rates, these medications must be used cautiously in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency. Should signs or symptoms develop that suggest reduced cerebral blood flow while using Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) ophthalmic solution, alternative therapy should be considered.
In patients with angle-closure glaucoma, the immediate objective of treatment is to reopen the angle. This requires, in most cases, constricting the pupil with a miotic. Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) ophthalmic solution has little or no effect on the pupil. When Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) is used to reduce elevated intraocular pressure in angle-closure glaucoma, it should be followed with a miotic and not alone.
Although Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) ophthalmic solution used alone has little or no effect on pupil size, mydriasis resulting from concomitant therapy with Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) and epinephrine may occur.
Close observation of the patient is recommended when a beta-blocker is administered to patients receiving catecholamine-depleting drugs such as reserpine, because of possible additive effects and the production of hypotension and/or marked bradycardia, which may produce vertigo, syncope, or postural hypotension.
Patients receiving beta-adrenergic blocking agents along with either oral or intravenous calcium antagonists should be monitored for possible atrioventricular conduction disturbances, left ventricular failure and hypotension. In patients with impaired cardiac function, simultaneous use should be avoided altogether.
The concomitant use of beta-adrenergic blocking agents with digitalis and calcium antagonists may have additive effects on prolonging atrioventricular conduction time.
Phenothiazine-related compounds and beta-adrenergic blocking agents may have additive hypotensive effects due to the inhibition of each other's metabolism.
In a lifetime oral study in mice, there were statistically significant (p0.05) increases in the incidence of benign leiomyomas in female mice at 200 mg/kg/day (14,000 times the recommended human dose for glaucoma), but not at 12 or 50 mg /kg/day (850 and 3,500 times the human dose). In a two year oral study of levobunolol HCl in rats, there was a statistically significant (p0.05) increase in the incidence of benign hepatomas in male rats administered 12,800 times the recommended human dose for glaucoma. Similar differences were not observed in rats administered oral doses equivalent to 350 times to 2,000 times the recommended human dose for glaucoma.
Levobunolol did not show evidence of mutagenic activity in a battery of microbiological and mammalian and assays.
Reproduction and fertility studies in rats showed no adverse effect on male or female fertility at doses up to 1,800 times the recommended human dose for glaucoma.
Pregnancy Category C:
®
Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) Adverse Reactions
In clinical trials the use of Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) ophthalmic solution has been associated with transient ocular burning and stinging in up to 1 in 3 patients, and with blepharoconjunctivitis in up to 1 in 20 patients. Decreases in heart rate and blood pressure have been reported (see and ).
The following adverse reactions have been reported rarely with the use of Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) : iridocyclitis, headache, transient ataxia, dizziness, lethargy, urticaria and pruritus.
Decreased corneal sensitivity has been noted in a small number of patients. Although levobunolol has minimal membrane-stabilizing activity, there remains a possibility of decreased corneal sensitivity after prolonged use.
The following additional adverse reactions have been reported either with Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) ophthalmic solution or ophthalmic use of other beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents:
Other reactions associated with the oral use of non-selective adrenergic receptor blocking agents should be considered potential effects with ophthalmic use of these agents.
Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) Overdosage
No data are available regarding overdosage in humans. Should accidental ocular overdosage occur, flush eye(s) with water or normal saline. If accidentally ingested, efforts to decrease further absorption may be appropriate (gastric lavage). The most common signs and symptoms to be expected with overdosage with administration of a systemic beta-adrenergic blocking agent are symptomatic bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm, and acute cardiac failure. Should these symptoms occur, discontinue Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) therapy and initiate appropriate supportive therapy. The following supportive measures should be considered:
Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) Dosage And Administration
The recommended starting dose is one to two drops of Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) ophthalmic solution 0.5% in the affected eye(s) once a day. Typical dosing with Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) 0.25% is one to two drops twice daily. In patients with more severe or uncontrolled glaucoma, Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) 0.5% can be administered b.i.d. As with any new medication, careful monitoring of patients is advised. Dosages above one drop of Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) 0.5% b.i.d. are not generally more effective. If the patient's IOP is not at a satisfactory level on this regimen, concomitant therapy with dipivefrin and/or epinephrine, and/or pilocarpine and other miotics, and/or systemically administered carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, such as acetazolamide, can be instituted. Patients should not typically use two or more topical ophthalmic beta-adrenergic blocking agents simultaneously.
Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) How Supplied
Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) (levobunolol hydrochloride ophthalmic solution, USP) is supplied sterile in white low density polyethylene ophthalmic dispenser bottles and tips.
Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) 0.25% strength units include a light blue high intensity polystyrene cap.
Betagan (Levobunolol hcl) 0.5% strength units include a yellow high intensity polystyrene cap.
10 mL in 15 mL bottle NDC 0023-4526-10
5 mL in 10 mL bottle NDC 0023-4385-05 10 mL in 15 mL bottle NDC 0023-4385-10 15 mL in 15 mL bottle NDC 0023-4385-15
Revised November 2005
© 2006 Allergan, Inc.Irvine, CA 92612, U.S.A.® marks owned by Allergan, Inc.
71602US12S
Betagan (Levobunolol hcl)
Betagan (Levobunolol hcl)
